The HWPL Peace Academy

India, Noida 

War has been a constant threat to mankind, especially the young generations who were and are forced to become involved in armed disputes. Along with many NGOs, charitable organizations, and individuals educating people to protect the lives of youth, Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (HWPL) is at the forefront of preventing and ceasing conflicts through its various peace initiatives. These initiatives include implementing peace education courses throughout the world. Its valuable efforts are essential to the security of mankind and future peace. A peace advocate and international peace lecturer, Chairman Man Hee Lee of HWPL, has conducted many peace agreements to solve political and religious conflicts as well as educated youths through a practical program of peace education.

Ramagya School, one of the top ten educational institutes in the city of Noida, India, was designated as a HWPL Peace Academy on December 21st. The school announced to integrate peace education into their curriculum by establishing the HWPL Peace Education Courses. The school also appointed Chairman Lee as a honorary Chairman of the Advisory Board and Chairwoman Nam Hee Kim of the International Women’s Peace Group (IWPG) as a honorary Chairwoman of the Advisory Board. Notably, along with Ramagya School, four other well-known schools in the region - Samsara School, Jaypee School, Ahlcon Public School, and Noida International University- were designated as HWPL Peace Academies.

 

HWPL is in the process of developing a comprehensive peace program which provides an educational framework for conflict analysis and resolution, interfaith peace dialogue sessions, and explains how they were able to build alliances between religions through their World Alliance of Religions Peace (WARP) Offices. 

Recognizing the efforts of the HWPL Peace Delegation in many parts of the world and celebrating the designation ceremony, the school also unveiled the Monument to commemorate the Declaration of World Peace. The Declaration was presented by Chairman Lee in 2013 on behalf of women and youth of the world at the Peace Gate in Seoul. The Monument is now an emblem of world peace in Noida. 

France drops 20 bombs on Islamic State jihadi training camp in revenge for Paris shootings

Bombing target: Aerial view of ISIS-controlled Raqqa in Syria

France retaliated to the Paris terror attack by launching deadly airstrikes on an Islamic State jihadi training camp in Syria tonight.

Yesterday president Francois Hollande vowed to crush the extremist group who massacred 129 people on Friday night.

Less than 24 hours later, some 10 fighter jets pummeled the ISIS-held city of Raqqa with at least 20 bombs, according to the French defence ministry.

The raid... including 10 fighter jets, was launched simultaneously from the United Arab Emirates and Jordan. Twenty bombs were dropped."

Syrian activists today claimed a museum, a stadium and a medical centre were hit by air strikes.

They also said as of yet, there are no reports of any civilians being killed or injured.

How can we have peace in this world?  What would take for people to live peaceful?  HWPL and Chairman Man Hee Lee have an answer to achieve peace and bring end to the war.  

Check out at hwpl.kr 

How can peace be achieved?

Can peace be achieved?  What would it take?
The chairman of HWPL, Manhee Lee has an answers in his speech of the declaration of world peace.

Man Hee Lee

"The Heavens and the Earth formed by the hands of the Creator have been given to humanity as an inheritance.
In all the universe, life in its vast splendour exists only on our world.

The life that grows on the earth is sustained from above - by light, by the rain, and by the air they provide unconditionally to all living beings.
We have received the precious gift of life from above, let us give glory to heaven, and live in peace on earth. This is the truest teaching of heaven.

With this eternal gift - the grace and life we have received - are we entitled to fight, kill and destroy one another?
We cannot claim to desire peace and continue to provoke one another, causing conflict for the sake of valuing our own national interests above those of others.
This will only take the lives of the youth, wasting them in the futility of war.
This is not a legacy we can leave to future generations.

Of what use is a young life, born in our day and age, if it is thrown away in this manner - thrown away without having had a chance to bloom?
What price can compensate for the loss of a life?
Do these young souls have another chance at life?

As emissaries of World Peace;
as people who are working towards the restoration of humanity through a new and heavenly culture, we declare the following:

We call on the heads of state of every country to sign an international agreement - a commitment to bringing all wars to an end.
We ask them to do this from a spirit of deep-seated love for the people of their country.

We call on all youth to unite in an effort to stop wars and pursue the restoration of peace by agreeing not to fight one another. For World Peace to become a reality,
this is the duty of all youth, everywhere.

The only way to stop the fighting and pointless, tragic deaths, is to stop fighting.
Nobody can ask for anything greater than this, and know that your efforts - the efforts of the young people of the world today in pursuit of peace - will remain as a never fading light of life for all future generations.

Furthermore, we call on every person, every man, woman, and child in the world, to pick up the mantle of peace.
In whatever way you can, we ask that you work to further the cause of world peace and restoration,
making it a reality in your direct environments.

Lastly, we call on the media to report responsibly and promote a message of peace to the world.

World peace and restoration has begun at the same time this declaration is proclaimed.
Thank you.

Designation of January 24th as ‘HWPL’ Day in Maguindanao, Philippines

Designation of January 24^th as ‘HWPL’ Day in Maguindanao, Philippines

On May 25th 2015, Esmael “Toto” G. Mangudadatu Governor of Maguindanao passed the legislation to proclaim January 24^th of every year to be remembered and commemorated as ‘HWPL day’ of Maguindanao, a day of peace.

‘1.24 Mindanao Peace Agreement day’ or ‘HWPL day’ in Maguindanao, Philippines aims to commemorate the historic moment of signing peace agreement between Catholic and Islam representatives mediated by Chairman Man Hee Lee of HWPL to end 40-year conflict in Mindanao.

Afterwards, the street once filled with pains and sorrow, was then filled with laughter and joy of 3,000 youths marching for the International Peace Youth Walk Festival.

Legislation of January 24^th as ‘HWPL day’ is the extension of designating HWPL day in many regions around the world like Carson and Alexandria cities in United States and Bafokeng nation in South Africa. Acknowledging the work of peace HWPL is pursuing to truly bring World Peace, many regions are joining to legislate ‘HWPL day’ to celebrate a day of peace.

The first Annual Commemoration of WARP Summit 2015

HWPL Website updates_ 1^st Annual Commemoration of September 18^th World Alliance of Religions’ Peace Summit held in South Korea from September 17^th to 19^th 2015

From September 17^th through 19^th, hundreds of world leaders including political, religious, women, and youth leaders gathered in Seoul, South Korea for the 1^st Annual Commemoration of September 18^th World Alliance of Religions’ Peace Summit.

While commemorating the success of last year’s summit, HWPL and participants discussed the notable progresses on two major works of HWPL throughout the summit: the Implementation of the Convention on the Renunciation and Cessation of War and International Armed Conflicts and the establishment of World Alliance of Religions’ Peace Offices.

On September 17^th, officially marking the opening of the commemorative event, the press conference was held. In the morning of the following day, 30,000 members of HWPL and its affiliated organizations, IPYG and IWPG gathered at the Peace Gate to celebrate the 1^st anniversary of the Summit. Various performances on peace including the ceremony of mixing ‘Bibimbap’, a signature Korean traditional dish, symbolizing the harmony and unity of all reaffirmed their solidarity for bringing peace.

Over the course of two days, keynote presentations and speeches delivered at a series of forums and workshops for all sectors of the society stimulated in-depth discussions and Q&A sessions on various topics. Supporting the works of HWPL, tens of thousands viewers around the world witnessed the main sessions that were broadcasted live.

What was noteworthy of the Summit was 2015 HWPL International Conference which featured Presentation of the Convention on the Renunciation and Cessation of War and International Armed Conflicts. At the Panel Discussion, twelve experts in the field of International law discussed how to practically implement the presented convention with Chairman Lee of HWPL and Chairwoman Kim of the IWPG.

After confirming the future plans to finalize the draft, these twelve experts were appointed as HWPL International Law Peace Committee for their further collaboration in implementing such a convention.

 

With this solid groundwork that was resulted from the 1^st Annual Commemoration of the WARP Summit, HWPL is accelerating its advocacy work for peace with HWPL Publicity Ambassadors and International Law Peace Committee.


 

HWPL Holds Conference on the International Convention on the Cessation of War

Yongin, Republic of Korea – On the second day of the 1st Annual Commemoration of September 18th World Alliance of Religions’ Peace (WARP) Summit, Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (HWPL, Chairman Man Hee Lee) held 2015 HWPL International Conference: Presentation of the Convention on the Renunciation and Cessation of War and International Armed Conflicts. At the conference held in the main auditorium of Yongin Elysian Learning Center, HWPL presented the Convention on the Renunciation and Cessation of War and International Armed Conflicts. - See more at: http://www.zimeye.com/day-2-of-the-1st-annual-commemoration-of-september-18th-world-alliance-of-religions-peace-summit/#sthash.C4y7fbx2.dpuf

Chairman Lee of HWPL addressed, “We have greeted a new era and everyone here are the leading characters in opening the new era,” emphasizing that the Implementation of an International Convention on the Cessation of War is a brilliant work in the history of the achievement of the cessation of war and world peace and will be remembered for eternity. Chairwoman Kim of the International Women’s Peace Group (IWPG) stated at the conference, “the 1st Annual Commemoration of the WARP Summit is the platform provided for the implementation of the international convention which is the core business of HWPL” and added that the presentation of the first draft of the convention is an unprecedented work that drew a stroke in the history of peace. 

After the conference, a panel discussion on the Convention on the Renunciation and Cessation of War and International Armed Conflicts took place at 1 pm. During the discussion, a panel of eleven world-renowned international law experts presented their views on the convention. After the panel discussion on the convention, HWPL appointed the eleven world-renowned scholars of international law as members of the HWPL International Law Peace Committee. The members of the HWPL International Law Peace Committee will return to their respective countries and continue with the work of developing the convention. 

HWPL, WARP summit of 17th press conference

HWPL held WARP 1st commemoration for world peace. This Video is about 17th press conference. 

Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (HWPL), a non-governmental peace organization registered under the UN Department of Public Information (DPI), is hosting the 1st Annual Commemoration of September 18th World Alliance of Religions’ Peace (WARP) Summit. The two affiliates of HWPL, the International Women’s Peace Group (IWPG) and the International Peace Youth Group (IPYG), organized the Summit. Prior to the first day of the official event, on September 17th 2015, a press conference was held at the Peace Palace in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Over 30 journalists, reporters, and chief editors from major international broadcasting stations representing 15 countries came to report about the Summit and interview Chairman Lee, of HWPL, and organizing representatives.

Live coverage of 2015 WARP 1st Commemoration Broadcasting time

▶ South Korea
18th September 16:00-19:00 PM South Korea, Time (GMT +9)
19th September 09:00-12:00 AM South Korea, Time (GMT +9)

▶ United Kingdom (London)
18th September 08:00-11:00 AM London local Time
19th September 01:00-03:00 AM London local Time

▶ United States (New York)
18th September 03:00-06:00 AM New York local Time
18th September 20:00-23:00 PM New York local Time


Click the link

https://goo.gl/uaL8XQ

HWPL, Man Hee Lee Peace Maker, What can we use to achieve world peace?

The Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light ("HWPL") is a non-profit, non-governmental international organization registered under the Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs operating out of Seoul, South Korea. Mr. Man Hee Lee, a Korean war veteran and renowned peace advocate, founded the organization after his involvement with numerous volunteer associations, seeing the need for a group whose central focus is to unite the people of the world behind the goal of peace irrespective of any apparent differences between themselves.

The purpose of Heavenly Culture World Peace Restoration of Light ("HWPL") is to create positive and lasting change internationally through uniting communities around the world. We support the development of communities through cultural, volunteer, and youth activities, setting an example in educating and motivating individuals within the community towards the active pursuit of peace.

Please Join the celebration of HWPL'  1st Annual Commemoration!

 Broadcasting link
goo.gl/MDGjE2

ManHeeLee of HWPL, True peace is possible with peace summit without war

Greetings to you from all of us here at the Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light ("HWPL") headquarters in Seoul. We sincerely hope that you, your loved ones, and the people you share your world with are enjoying peace and good health.

HWPL is an international organization whose mandate it is to see the cessation of wars. It pursues this goal through a number of avenues, namely the International Peace Youth Group ("IPYG"), and the International Women’s Peace Group ("IWPG"). Our work is motivated by a unique vision for peace centering on the establishment of a new and universally applicable set of values. This is the heavenly culture - something which has been promised to man through every religious and ideological ideal.

Our World Peace Delegation, made up of myself as chairman of HWPL, and the directors of IPYG and IWPG, have been traveling around the world meeting with various national and community leaders in both secular and religious fields. During these meetings we have had the pleasure of being able to introduce the philosophy of HWPL to them. Without fail, every leader we have spoken with has pledged themselves in support of our cause, demonstrating their desire to be a part of HWPL’s work through a signed agreement of solidarity.

Most notably, HWPL was proud to play its part in the signing of an interfaith peace agreement between two religious communities on the Philippine island of Mindanao. As a result, a 40 year conflict is now finally coming to an end. This, along with all our other volunteer activities and events are widely broadcast by media all over the world. And these things are just the beginning. With a peace agreement being reached such as the one between the two religious communities in Mindanao, we believe that the world is seeing the dawning of a new era of peace, one which sees a World Alliance of Religions.

Such an alliance of ideologies which until now have been central to an untold number of conflicts would enable us to leave a legacy of peace and life to future generations instead of the death and war which now besets our world. Is this not the most important task any of us can accomplish in our lives? 

To this end, HWPL is hosting the Summit for the World Alliance of Religions in Seoul, South Korea this year, and it is my great honor to invite you to come and join us for this historic event. 

This is the time for us to come together and unite as one family of humanity; to lay aside our differences, and find ways to bridge the rifts between our ideologies. Regardless of our personal views on the matter, religion is a powerful motivating force in our world. Its power to be used for either peace or hate-mongering is undeniable. I humbly ask you, therefore, to consider this invitation favorably, and to join us for the Summit. Your input would be most valuable to all who attend. 

May we all stand together as messengers of peace, and see the dawning of a day in which there is no more war.

Thank you.

[Live coverage of WARP 1st Commemoration Broadcasting time]

■ September 18, 2015 ; 10:00~12:30 / 16:00~19:00

■ September 19, 2015 ; 9:00~12:00

■ Broadcasting link
goo.gl/MDGjE2

Introduction to HWPL

We live in exciting times. Never before has humanity faced a time such as this - a time when our deepest desire for peace has been as fully realisable. Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (“HWPL”) has been created for a just such a time. For the past two years I have been traveling around the world meeting community leaders, both secular and religious, to discuss ways in which we can work together in pursuit of peace.

As a result of our many hours of meeting and traveling, the HWPL Solidarity Agreement was born. This is an agreement made between individual leaders of communities and HWPL; an agreement to work together in as many ways as we can to bring about peace and the cessation of wars.

Most recently, this agreement stood at the center of the peace process in Mindanao, a region in the Philippines which has experienced the bitterness of an etho-religious conflict for the past 40 years. Leaders from all walks of life, from different philosophies, academic and cultural backgrounds, and from diverse nations have agreed to work together in creating what is to be a most remarkable legacy to leave to the generations which will follow us.

In Korea we have a story about how a king once gave an elephant to one of his most lowly servants as a gift. The poor servant felt that he did not have the resources available to care for such a large gift, but what could he do? Certainly, he could not refuse the gift from the king. In the same way, the burden of creating peace in the world will at some time be given to a generation. No doubt, whichever generation it comes to would feel as though it is ill-equipped to carry out the work of this seemingly enormous task. The reality is, however, that if we have the power to do it, and we choose not to, we cannot claim to have lived up to our true potential. Nor can we claim that we did well in our lifetimes.

I have no doubt that this is the time for peace, and we - the generation of today - are the ones who have the power to make it a reality.
Join us in making peace a reality in our world, and let us leave to the generations that come after us a legacy of unity, hope, peace and security.
May peace be with you, your loved ones, and your nations, always.

Man Hee Lee,

Chairman, Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light

Mr. Man Hee Lee was awarded the Noble Man of the Year

The We Care for Humanity successfully held the gala awards ceremony for the 3rd Global Officials of Dignity (G.O.D.) Awards on August 7, 2015, at the Millennium Hotel in New York City. The awards rite is the culminating activity of the three-day event organized by Princess Maria Amor, the President and Founder of WCH. 
We Care for Humanity is a non-governmental international humanitarian organization, based in Los Angeles, California, advocating the following global issues confronting the humanity: Empowerment, Eradication of Poverty, Global Peace, Green Environment, Health, Human Rights and Human Trafficking. Its Mission is to raise awareness of humanitarianism for everyone. WCH’s Vision is to promote world peace by contributing to humanity through these seven issues. 
The 3rd Annual Global Officials of Dignity Awards 2015 bestowes honors to the 
Greatest Humanitarians of the World and recognizes heroisms for humanity by individuals, groups and corporations. This year’s awardees are the: 
1) Maureen Brindle- Humanitarian Ambassador on Literary Arts 
2) Soroush Payandeh- Humanitarian Artist of the Year 
3) Rajkumar Kanagasingam- Humanitarian Writer of the Year 
4) Manisha Koirala- Nepal’s Humanitarian Ambassador 
5) Claire Power Murphy- USA Humanitarian Ambassador 
6) Rahul Varma- India’s Humanitarian Ambassador 
7) Jeff Goonewardena- Sri Lanka’s Humanitarian Ambassador 
8) Ambassador Dharmadass Damoo- Malaysian Humanitarian Ambassador 
9) His Excellency President Kenneth Kaunda- Lifetime Achievement on Freedom, Justice and Peace 
10) Dr. Ken Hansraj- Lifetime Achievement Award on Global Spine Health and Philanthropy 
11) Dr. Ashok Gupta- Lifetime Achievement on Health and Philanthropy 
12) Dr. Joel Wallach- Lifetime Achievement on Natural Medicine and Philanthropy, 
13) His Royal Highness Tuanku Datu Camad Ali- Lifetime Achievement on Peace, 
14) Professor Dato Seri’ Sabree Salleh- Lifetime Achievement on Sports Empowerment 
15) Hany Aziz Henein Tadroz- Peace Icon of Middle-East, 
16) Iman Mutlaq- Middle-East Woman of the Year, 
17) Loretta Jones- Diane Watson Community Service Award, 
18) His Holiness Sri Sri Ravi Shankar- Supreme Spiritual Icon of the Year, 
19) His Majesty King Mudarasulail Kiram- Asia’s Royal Man of the Year, 
20) Her Royal Highness Asharaje Gaekwad- Asia’s Royal Woman of the Year 
21) Dr. Hari Prasad Kanoria- Global Man of the Year, 
22) Nam Hee Kim- Noble Woman of the Year 
23) Man Hee Lee- Noble Man of the Year 
24) His Excellency Former Prime Minister Khil Raj Regmi- Asia’s Dignitary Man of the Year, 
25) His Excellency Former President Hussain Muhammad Ershad- Lifetime Achievement on Universal Courage and Heroism 
“This event recognizes and honors these great individuals who have made selfless sacrifices for others, in the midst of endless challenges and adversities that we have today,” said the WCH Founding Chair HRH Princess Maria Amor. “We are extremely positive that we contribute towards global peace by elevating the works and advocacies of these great individuals and organizations towards caring for others,” she added. 
Attended by hundreds of guests from all parts of the world, the awards show feature performances by top entertainers Denise Cook, the Korean Fan dancers, arts exhibit by Soroush Payandeh, an auction of the GHIH project, and a Meet & Greet sponsored by Dr. Hari Prasad Kanoria, The Global Man of the year. 
We Care for Humanity is a non-governmental international humanitarian organization, based in Los Angeles, California. 

International Peace Summit

• 
  Over 200,000 people gathered at the Peace Gate of the Olympic Park on September 19
• 
  
• Over 200,000 people gathered at the Peace Gate of the Olympic Park on September 19
• The Walk for World Peace was hosted in commemoration of the signing of the interfaith peace agreement

On 19 September 2014, at 11 AM, Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (HWPL, Chairman Man Hee Lee) hosted the Walk for the World Alliance of Religions and World Peace at the Peace Gate of the Olympic Park in commemoration of the successful hosting of the 2014 World Alliance of Religion’s Peace (WARP) Summit and the signing of the peace agreement between 12 religions the day before. Over 200,000 people from all around the world participated in the Walk and celebrated the beginning of a new era of peace.

The day before, political leaders including 15 former heads of state representing countries around the world and more than 600 religious leaders representing each religion participated in the signing of the peace agreement. Also, the International Women’s Peace Group (IWPG) and the International Youth Peace Group (IPYG), which Mr. Lee has stressed are the means to achieve world peace, agreed to the idea of the Declaration of World Peace and signed the peace agreement with a determination to join the work of peace. The Walk which was held on the following day commemorated the fact the WARP Summit did not end up as a perfunctory event, but it became the foundation for achieving a world of peace.

At the opening ceremony of the Walk, Mr. Lee said in his message, “Yesterday was the time for religions to unite as one. Now, only one thing remains. Let us achieve world peace by enacting an international law for the cessation of wars. In celebration of yesterday’s achievement, let us have a festival under the Creator,” and urged for efforts to bring about world peace together. Also, Ms. Nam Hee Kim, the chairwoman of IWPG, asked young people around the world to join Mr. Lee’s work for peace, saying, “Yesterday, all participants promised to work for peace, so let us all become the entities of peace.”

When Mr. Lee proclaimed the beginning of the Walk with his powerful voice, approximately 200,000 people, led by the youth of IPYG, began to walk shouting “World Peace.” Throughout the Walk, the youth dressed in traditional clothes of each country gave performances, celebrating the signing of the interfaith peace agreement the day before and expressing the wish for peace.

At the press conference held at the Olympic Parktel on the same day, Mr. Lee presented the achievements of the WARP Summit to the reporters in attendance and urged them to report this news as it is. Also, there was a session where he answered the reporters’ questions on practical ways to achieve peace.

UK, from culture capital of the world to capital of peace

To realise the true teaching of religion, cease conflicts caused by religions and build a peaceful world, the UK branch of Heavenly Culture World Peace Restoration of Light (HWPL, Chairman Man Hee Lee) held the third religious scripture dialogue under the theme of ‘Angels & Demons’ on July 8th, 2015.

  Starting from March 26th, this year, it is the third dialogue that the UK branch of HWPL has hosted. This time, it was held in the historical setting of Conway Hall, London which is possibly the oldest surviving free thought organisation in the world.

  Religious Leaders who participated included Muslim leader and Officer of the Order of the British Empire, Seyed Yousif Al Khoei OBE, Buddhist monk Phramaha Bhatsakorn Piyobhaso, Dr. Tanaji Acharya representing Hinduism, a Sikh educationalist Mr. Jagmeet Singh, and Christian scholar Mr. Justin Brand. As participants of the first and second Scripture Dialogues, Seyed Yousif Al Khoei OBE and Phramaha Bhatsakorn Piyobhaso took an active part in the dialogue, showing the significance of the dialogue.

  Each representative proclaimed the necessity of peace which needs to be fulfilled in the shaking world, including the UK, due to religious extremism. They also testified that every scripture is exclaiming about making peace, and they demonstrated that the correct understanding of scriptures is the key solution to many terrors related to religions.

  One member of the audience, Adam Harvey, a student from Imperial College London, commented “All the war and conflict between religions that has arisen in the past and is still going on today, I know that it was because those people didn’t understand the true meaning of religion. It is amazing to see different religions together in harmony. I believe through these HWPL dialogues all religions can be united and an end to war can actually be achieved.”

  Religious leaders presented on the topic of good, and evil in order to tackle the root cause of why there is evil in today’s world and spiritually what the source of evil is. The highly debated subject of whether God created evil provided a new perspective regarding good and evil spirits. Moreover some of the discussion examined what makes a person good or evil, and subsequently the reason why some people are led to peace whereas some are led to cause disruption and war. 

Peru families receive bodies of dirty war victims

The small farmers came from remote mountains and jungle valleys to receive the exhumed remains of loved ones slain three decades ago during Peru's dirty war.

Hundreds arrived in the Ayacucho state capital for Monday's handover of 80 sets of remains. Simple white coffins bore the bones of fathers, mothers, wives, children and brothers.

Some were slain by Shining Path rebels. Others were killed by soldiers, accused of collaborating with the guerrillas.

Who will condensate for the lost life?  Chairman of HWPL, Man Hee Lee, said in his Declaration of the World Peace statement "Of what use is a young life, born in our day and age, if it is thrown away in this manner - thrown away without having had a chance to bloom?"   "What price can compensate for the loss of a life? Do these young souls have another chance at life?"

One life lost in the war and conflict is too many!  We need an international law that prevent anyone, country to declaring war against  another individual or a country.